@prefix maat: <https://cloud.maeul.net/maat/> .
@prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#> .
@prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/> .

<https://cloud.maeul.net/maat/think/c_ostrom> a <https://cloud.maeul.net/maat/think/Person> .
maat:selfGovernance
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "自治"@zh-Hans, "自治"@zh-Hant, "自治"@ja, "자치"@ko, "self-governance"@en .

maat:commoning
  a skos:Concept ;
  dc:contributor "병합-2026-07-13; 세션의 cprRules(오스트롬 8원칙)는 아직 서버 미이관 — 3단계에서 정식 이관 필요(PENDING-MIGRATION 표시)"@ko, <https://cloud.maeul.net/maat/think/c_ostrom> ;
  dc:spatial "INT" ;
  skos:definition "The practice and process of collectively owning, managing and using resources; commons traditions meet here, distinguished from free-access rights."@en, "자원이 '공유된 상태'가 아니라 주민이 스스로 규칙을 만들고 집행·제재하는 '과정'을 통해 비로소 커먼즈가 된다는 관점(오스트롬 CPR). 자치 단위를 행정구역이 아니라 '공동자산+자치규약'의 결합으로 재정의한다. 공유자원을 명사(commons)가 아니라 동사(과정)로 본다는 점이 핵심이다."@ko ;
  skos:inScheme maat:SSEScheme ;
  skos:prefLabel "commoning"@en, "공동자원화"@ko, "コモニング"@ja, "共有化"@zh-Hant, "共有化"@zh-Hans ;
  skos:related maat:cprRules, maat:selfGovernance ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:allemannsretten_NO, maat:obste_RO, maat:ejido_MX, maat:allmanning_SE, maat:iriai_JP, maat:communalLabor, maat:hakUlayat_ID, maat:communs_FR, maat:bensComuns_BR, maat:mutualAid_UK, maat:musterekler_TR, maat:meentenCommons_NL, maat:gemeingueterCommons_DE, maat:allmende_CH, maat:benicomuni_IT, maat:chiikitsuka_JP, maat:gotongroyong_ID, maat:jiwonjasanhwa_KR, maat:npojuluo_TW, wd:Q60734988, maat:clt_UK ;
  skos:scopeNote "[Adoption reflection — History] The commons is both the memory of resistance to modern enclosure (the privatization of common land) and the wisdom of shared management that Elinor Ostrom revealed in refuting the \"tragedy of the commons.\" Japan's iriai, Germany's Allmende, and each country's shared forests and common pastures have their own histories. [Culture] The meaning of the commons differs where a tradition of owning and managing in common lives on, versus where the notion of private property dominates. [Capacity of actors] What matters is whether norms and organization of shared management exist. As Ostrom showed, a successful commons has intricate self-governing devices of boundaries, rules, monitoring, and sanctions. Declaring only \"sharing\" without these devices brings the tragedy in earnest."@en, "[도입 성찰 — 역사] 커먼즈는 근대 엔클로저(공유지 사유화)에 대한 저항의 기억이자, 엘리너 오스트롬이 \"공유지의 비극\"을 반박하며 밝힌 공동관리의 지혜다. 일본의 入会(이리아이), 독일의 Allmende, 각국의 공유림·공동목초지가 저마다 다른 역사를 갖는다. [문화] 공동으로 소유하고 관리하는 전통이 살아 있는 곳과, 사유재산 관념이 지배적인 곳에서 커먼즈의 의미가 다르다. [주체 역량] 관건은 공동 관리의 규범과 조직이 있는가다. 오스트롬이 밝혔듯 성공한 커먼즈에는 경계·규칙·감시·제재의 정교한 자치 장치가 있다. 이 장치 없이 '공유'만 선언하면 실제로 비극이 온다."@ko, "이탈리아 beni comuni·스위스 Allmende·영국 CLT가 이 가교에 모인다. 마을 공유자산 관리규약·커먼즈 신탁(CLT) 등 실천으로 연결된다. ※ 영어·타국어 레이블은 매핑·교차검색용 시각적 근사치이며 해당 자국어 개념의 고유한 역사적 맥락을 규정·제한하지 않는다."@ko ;
  skos:topConceptOf maat:SSEScheme ;
  maat:conceptMode "making" ;
  maat:urbanRural "neutral" .

maat:allemannsretten_NO
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Allemannsretten"@no ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:obste_RO
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Obște"@ro ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:ejido_MX
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Ejido"@es ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:allmanning_SE
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "allmänning"@sv ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:iriai_JP
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "入会"@ja ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:collection_sse
  a skos:Collection ;
  skos:member maat:commoning ;
  skos:prefLabel "社会连带经济"@zh-Hans, "社会的連帯経済"@ja, "Social & Solidarity Economy"@en, "社會連帶經濟"@zh-Hant, "사회연대경제"@ko .

maat:communalLabor
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "共同劳动"@zh-Hans, "共同勞動"@zh-Hant, "共同労働"@ja, "communal labor"@en, "공동노동"@ko ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:hakUlayat_ID
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "hak ulayat"@id ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:communs_FR
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Communs"@fr ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:bensComuns_BR
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Bens Comuns"@pt-BR ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:digitalCommons skos:related maat:commoning .
maat:mutualAid_UK
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Mutual Aid"@en-GB ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:cprRules
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:broader maat:commoning ;
  skos:prefLabel "커먼즈 자치규약"@ko, "CPR (common-pool resource) rules"@en .

maat:musterekler_TR
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Müşterekler"@tr ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:meentenCommons_NL
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "meenten"@nl ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:gemeingueterCommons_DE
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Gemeingüter"@de ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:maeulgwanriSahoehyeopdongjohap_KR skos:related maat:commoning .
maat:clt_UK
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Community Land Trust"@en-GB ;
  skos:related maat:commoning ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:npojuluo_TW
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "NPO聚落"@zh-Hant ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:jiwonjasanhwa_KR
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "지역자산화"@ko ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:gotongroyong_ID
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Gotong royong"@id ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:chiikitsuka_JP
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "地域通貨"@ja ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:benicomuni_IT
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Beni comuni"@it ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:SSEScheme
  a skos:ConceptScheme ;
  skos:hasTopConcept maat:commoning .

maat:allmende_CH
  a skos:Concept ;
  skos:prefLabel "Allmende"@de ;
  skos:relatedMatch maat:commoning .

maat:abcd_GB skos:related maat:commoning .